Amabwiriza yo kwirinda guhuza imiyoboro ya generator ya mazutu n'amashanyarazi ya komini

(2) Genzura Ibipimo by'Ibikoresho kugira ngo urebe ko bihuye

Ingingo y'ingenzi yo guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyaraziamatsinda y'ibikoresho by'amashanyaraziKu bijyanye n'ingufu z'umujyi, ibipimo by'amashanyarazi byabyo byombi birahuye neza. Ibi ni nk'urukuta rw'ibyuma bibiri bizenguruka, bigomba kugera ku "ngano ihoraho, umuvuduko umwe, n'amenyo agororotse". By'umwihariko, ibi bikurikira bigomba kubahirizwa, nta na kimwe muri byo gishobora kubura:

• Urukurikirane rw'icyiciro ruhoraho: Ingufu za A, B, na C zikomoka ku gipimo cya gatatu cy’imashini itanga umuriro zigomba kuba zihuye neza n’ingufu za A, B, na C z’imijyi, ari na yo shingiro ry’ingufu za komini. Iyo intera y’intera idahwitse, bizatera impanuka zikomeye nko gufunga imiyoboro migufi no guturika kw’ibikoresho. Intera y’intera ishobora kwemezwa n’icyuma gipima intera kugira ngo harebwe ko insinga ari nziza.
• Voltage Ingana: Agaciro k'amashanyarazi asohoka mu ishashi rya moteri igomba kuba ijyanye n'amashanyarazi ya leta, akenshi bigatuma habaho kunyura gato kwa ± 0.5%. Iyo umuriro uri hejuru cyane, uzohereza ingufu zikora kuri grid; niba umuriro uri hasi cyane, ishashi ya moteri ntishobora kwihanganira umutwaro wagenwe. Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ushobora guhindurwa binyuze muri Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) kugira ngo habeho guhuza voltage.
• Inshuro imwe: Ingano isanzwe y'ingufu z'umujyi mu Bushinwa ni 50Hz. Ingano y'ingufu zikoreshwa mu imashini zitanga amashanyarazi igomba guhuzwa neza n'ingano y'ingufu z'umujyi, aho ihindagurika rigenzurwa muri ± 0.05Hz. Kudahuza kw'ingufu bizatera ihindagurika ry'ingufu hagati y'icyuma n'urukuta, bikangiza ibikoresho. Guhuza ingano bishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhindura umuvuduko wa moteri ya mazutu.
• Icyiciro cy'igihe kimwe: Inguni y'inguni y'ingufu zisohoka mu imashini ikora amashanyarazi igomba kuba ihuye neza n'iy'ingufu z'amashanyarazi za komini, kandi itandukaniro ry'ingufu z'amashanyarazi rihita riba hafi ya zeru. Iki ni cyo kibazo gisaba imbaraga nyinshi. Guhindagurika cyane mu imashini bizatanga umuyoboro munini w'amashanyarazi, bigatwika imashini ikora amashanyarazi, kandi bigaca umuyoboro uzenguruka. Ishobora gukurikiranwa no guhindurwa binyuze muri synchroscope cyangwa igikoresho cyo guhuza amashanyarazi mu buryo bwikora.

(3) Kugenzura imiterere y'ibikoresho no gukuraho ibyago bishobora kwihisha

Mbere yo guhuza amashanyarazi, hagomba gukorwa igenzura ryimbitse ry’ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi ya mazutu n’ibiyishyigikira kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ko nta makosa cyangwa ibyago byihishe: icya mbere, reba icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi ubwacyo, tangira icyuma kugira ngo urebe niba nta muvuduko urimo, wemeze ko ubushyuhe bw’amazi, ubushyuhe bw’amavuta, n’umuvuduko w’amavuta ari ibisanzwe, nta rusaku rudasanzwe cyangwa guhindagura cyane, kandi imbaraga zisohoka ntiziri munsi ya 85% by’imbaraga zagenwe; icya kabiri, reba ibikoresho bifitanye isano n’icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi, harimo ibikoresho bigenzura guhuza, ibikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi, uburyo bwo kurinda, nibindi, kugira ngo urebe neza ko insinga zikomeye, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, n’ibikoresho bidafite ingaruka kandi bifite akamaro nko kurinda ingufu zisubira inyuma, kurinda umuriro mwinshi, no kurinda amashanyarazi magufi; icya gatatu, reba ibidukikije by’icyumba cya mudasobwa, ubushyuhe bw’icyumba cya mudasobwa bugenzurwa kuri 5℃-35℃, ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 75%, kandi umwuka ni mwiza kugira ngo wirinde ko ubushyuhe bugabanuka nabi bw’icyuma. Muri icyo gihe, shyira amavuta ahagije ya mazutu, shyiramo ibigega birenga bibiri byo kubikamo amavuta kugira ngo worohereze imvura nshya, kandi urebe neza ko amazi akonje atangwa n’imbaraga rukuruzi kugira ngo wirinde ko ingufu z’umujyi zahagarara.

II. Mu gihe cyo guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi: Guhuza uburyo bwo gukora no kwirinda ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'imikorere

Ibikorwa byo guhuza imiyoboro bigomba gukurikiza ihame ryo "kubanza kumenya, hanyuma bigahindurwa, hanyuma bigafungwa", kandi bigakorwa n'abakora ibikorwa by'umwuga mu gihe cyose cy'igikorwa. Abakozi batari ab'umwuga babujijwe cyane kwitabira. Uburyo bwihariye n'uburyo bwo kwirinda ni ubu bukurikira:

(1) Hitamo Uburyo Bukwiye bwo Guhuza Urusobe rw'Amakuru

Hari uburyo bubiri busanzwe bwo guhuza grid, bugomba gutoranywa hakurikijwe uko ibintu bimeze: ubwa mbere, guhuza grid mu buryo bwikora. Binyuze mu gikoresho cyo kugenzura guhuza (nk'ibikoresho bigezweho nka Deep Sea na ComAp), igenzura mu buryo bwihuse ibipimo bya grid y'amashanyarazi n'imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi, igahindura umuvuduko na voltage mu buryo bwikora, igafata aho guhuza, hanyuma igatanga itegeko ryo gufunga mu buryo bwikora. Ikwiriye ibikoresho binini cyangwa ibintu bifite ibisabwa byinshi kugira ngo umuriro ukomeze, hamwe n'imikorere myiza kandi iboneye; ubwa kabiri, guhuza grid mu buryo bw'intoki. Reba ibipimo binyuze mu buryo bwa synchroscope na amatara yo guhuza, hindura umuvuduko wa moteri ya mazutu n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, hanyuma ufunge switch mu buryo bwikora nyuma y'uko ibipimo bihuye. Ikwiriye ibikoresho bito, isaba abakora ibikoresho kugira uburambe bwinshi no kumenya neza aho guhuza bihagaze.

Icyitonderwa ni uko guhuza icyuma gikoresha intoki bishobora gukoresha uburyo bw'itara ryijimye cyangwa uburyo bwo kuzunguruka kw'urumuri kugira ngo bigenzure imiterere y'uburyo bwo guhuza: uburyo bw'itara ryijimye bupima itandukaniro ry'amashanyarazi binyuze mu kuzimya kw'itara, naho uburyo bwo kuzunguruka kw'urumuri bugapima itandukaniro ry'inshuro n'urukurikirane rw'ibyiciro binyuze mu muvuduko wo kuzunguruka n'icyerekezo cy'urumuri. Iyo amatara yaka kandi akazimya icyarimwe, bigaragaza ikosa ry'urukurikirane rw'ibyiciro, kandi insinga zigomba guhindurwa mbere yo kongera kugerageza.

(2) Shyira mu bikorwa byimazeyo ibikubiye mu gikorwa cyo gusoza

Iyo igikoresho cyo guhuza cyerekanye ko ibipimo bihuye neza (itandukaniro ry'amashanyarazi, itandukaniro ry'impinduka, n'itandukaniro ry'ibyiciro byose biri mu rugero rwemewe), igikorwa cyo gufunga gishobora gukorwa: icyuma gihuza amashanyarazi kigomba gukora buhoro buhoro mu gihe cyo gufunga kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuriro w'amashanyarazi uterwa n'imikorere yihuta cyane; hita ureba uko imikorere y'igikoresho ihagaze nyuma yo gufunga, harimo ibipimo nk'umuriro, umuriro, ingano, n'ingufu, kandi wemeze ko nta kibazo kirimo. Niba hari ibibazo nk'umuriro w'amashanyarazi ukabije n'urusaku rudasanzwe rw'igikoresho, switch igomba guhita ifungurwa, kandi umurongo w'amashanyarazi ushobora kongera kugeragezwa nyuma yo gukemura ibibazo.

Icyibutso cyihariye: Gufunga ku ngufu iyo ibipimo bidahuye birabujijwe cyane. Iyi miyoboro idahuza ni yo mikorere iteje akaga cyane, izatanga torque nini ya mechanical na inrush current, ishobora kwangiza fertilizer winding, iturika ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ndetse ikagira ingaruka ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi wa komini, yongera ingano y'amakosa.

(3) Kohereza imizigo neza neza

Nyuma yo gufunga neza, umutwaro wose ntushobora kwimurirwa muri generator ako kanya. Umutwaro ugomba kongerwa buhoro buhoro: mbere na mbere, koresha umutwaro woroheje mu gihe runaka, urebe niba ibipimo by'ibikoresho bihamye, hanyuma wongere umutwaro buhoro buhoro kugeza ku gipimo cyagenwe mbere kugira ngo wirinde guhindagurika kw'inshuro no kuzimya umuriro w'ibikoresho bitewe no kongeramo umutwaro mu buryo butunguranye. Muri icyo gihe, ikwirakwizwa ry'umutwaro rigomba guhindurwa binyuze muri sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu kugira ngo generator n'amashanyarazi y'umujyi bisangire umutwaro mu buryo bukwiye. Niba generator nyinshi zihujwe n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko ingufu zikora n'imbaraga zikora zikwirakwira ku buryo bungana, hirindwa ko igice kimwe kiba gifite umutwaro mwinshi ikindi kikaba gifite umutwaro muto, kandi hirindwa ko ingufu zikora zikwirakwira ku bikoresho bishya.

III. Nyuma yo Guhuza Uduce tw'Umuyoboro: Kongera Gukurikirana Umutekano no Kwemeza Ko Imikorere Ihamye

Guhuza neza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi si iherezo. Gukurikirana mu buryo bwihuse no kurinda umutekano ni ingenzi mu gutuma imikorere ihoraho ihora ihagaze neza. Ingingo zikurikira zigomba kwibandwaho:

(1) Gukurikirana Ibipimo by'Imikorere mu buryo nyabwo

Gushyiraho abakozi bihariye bari ku kazi kugira ngo bakurikirane mu buryo bwihuse ibipimo by'imikorere y'imashini zitanga umuriro n'ingufu z'umujyi, harimo voltage, frequency, power, phase, ubushyuhe bw'amazi, peteroli, nibindi, kandi babike inyandiko z'imikorere. Iyo habonetse ibipimo bidasanzwe (nk'ihindagurika ry'inshuro rirenze urugero rwemewe, kuzamuka no kugabanuka gutunguranye kw'amashanyarazi, ingufu zisubira inyuma, nibindi), ingamba zigomba gufatwa ako kanya. Niba bibaye ngombwa, gabanya switch ihujwe na grid, kuraho mashini zitanga umuriro ku grid, hanyuma wongere uhuze na grid nyuma yo gukemura ibibazo. Muri byo, kurinda ingufu zisubira inyuma ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi kurusha ibindi. Iyo grid y'amashanyarazi yohereje umuriro kuri mashini zitanga umuriro (imashini zitanga umuriro ziba moteri y'amashanyarazi), mashini zitanga umuriro zisubira inyuma zigomba guhita zica uruziga kandi zirinde moteri ya mazutu gukururwa no kwangirika.

(2) Gukora akazi keza mu bijyanye no kwirinda amashanyarazi no kuyarinda hasi

Iyo icyuma gitanga umuriro gihujwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi w'umujyi, hagomba gushyirwaho igikoresho cyizewe cyo kwimura amashanyarazi, kandi hagashyirwaho igikoresho gifunga kugira ngo hirindwe ko icyuma gifunga kidakora neza. Muri icyo gihe, icyuma gifunga, agace k'icyuma, n'ibindi by'icyuma gitanga umuriro bigomba gukoresha uburyo busanzwe bwo gufunga, kandi igice gifunga ubutaka kigomba kuba gifatanye neza kandi gikomeye, gifite agaciro karenze 0.5MΩ, kugira ngo hirindwe impanuka z'amashanyarazi cyangwa kwangirika kw'ibikoresho biterwa no gufunga nabi. Byongeye kandi, birabujijwe cyane guhuza amashanyarazi y'icyuma gitanga umuriro n'amashanyarazi y'umujyi ku buryo butunguranye, kandi guhuza icyuma gifunga bidakozwe nta gikoresho gifunga.

(3) Gushyiraho uburyo bwo guhagarika itumanaho (Deconnection Operations)

Iyo bibaye ngombwa kuzimya cyangwa amashanyarazi ya komini agasubira ku buryo busanzwe, umutwaro w’imashini zitanga umuriro ugomba kubanza kwimurirwa ku ngufu za komini. Nyuma y’uko umutwaro w’imashini ugeze hafi ya zeru (cyangwa ingufu nke cyane zo gusubira inyuma), itegeko ryo gufungura ritangwa kugira ngo imashini zitanga umuriro zivane ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Nyuma yo kuzimya umuriro, imashini zitanga umuriro zigomba gukora nta mutwaro mwinshi mu gihe runaka hanyuma zikazimya nyuma yo gukonja kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw’ibikoresho biterwa no kuzimya umuriro mwinshi. Iyo amashanyarazi ya komini agasubira ku buryo busanzwe, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko imashini ihita ikoresha amashanyarazi ya komini, kandi imashini igahita iva ku kazi igahita izimya umuriro, hakurikijwe ibisabwa na GB51348-2019.

IV. Imikorere n'Imitangire ya Buri Munsi: Igenzura n'Imitangire ya Buri Gihe kugira ngo Gabanye Ikosa

Imikorere n'isukura ya buri munsi ni ishingiro ryo kwemeza umutekano w'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwuzuye bwo kubungabunga ibikoresho kugira ngo bigenzurwe, bibungabungwe kandi bigenzurwe buri gihe. Ingingo zihariye ni izi zikurikira:

• Imikorere isanzwe y'igerageza: Kora igerageza ry’imashini itanga umuriro idatwara umutwaro rimwe mu kwezi, buri gihe mu gihe kitari munsi y’iminota 15, kugira ngo urebe imikorere y’imashini itangira, uburyo igikoresho gikoresha gikorana, n’uko imikorere y’ibikoresho ihagaze; kora isuzuma ry’umutwaro rimwe mu gihembwe kugira ngo wigane uburyo icyuma gihuza amashanyarazi gikorana kandi urebe neza imikorere y’igikoresho gikoresha umuriro n’igikoresho gikingira.
• Gusana Ibikoresho: Simbuza amavuta ya mazutu, amavuta ya moteri, icyuma gikonjesha, n'ibikoresho by'umwuka buri gihe, kandi urebe niba hari aho amazi yamenetse mu miyoboro ya lisansi na sisitemu zo gukonjesha; shyira ku murongo ibikoresho nka synchroscopes, volteji zigenzura amashanyarazi, n'ibikoresho byo kurinda kugira ngo urebe neza ibipimo; mu bice bikonje, hagomba gutangwa ubushyuhe mu cyumba cya mudasobwa kugira ngo umenye neza ko icyuma gishobora gutangira neza mu gihe cy'impanuka.
• Gukemura ibibazo by'amakosa: Shyiraho ibarura ry'ikosa, wandike ku gihe kandi ukemure ibibazo bibaho mu gihe cyo guhuza amashanyarazi (nk'ikosa ryo guhuza amashanyarazi, ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi ritaringaniye, ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi rikabije, nibindi), sesengura icyateye ikibazo, kandi wirinde ko ibibazo nk'ibyo bizongera kubaho. Urugero, niba hari ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi ritaringaniye, bishobora guterwa n'umuyoboro wa "governor" wafashwe nabi cyangwa insinga zitari nziza za transformer, zigomba gusanwa no gukosorwa mu gihe gikwiye.
• Amahugurwa y'abakozi: Abakora bagomba guhabwa amahugurwa y’umwuga, kumenya neza uburyo bwo guhuza imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, imikorere y’ibikoresho, n’uburyo bwo kwirinda, kandi bashobora gutangira akazi nyuma yo gutsinda isuzumabumenyi. Umurimo utemewe urabujijwe cyane; gutegura imyitozo yihutirwa buri gihe kugira ngo bongere ubushobozi bw’abakora mu guhangana n’ibibazo bitunguranye.

V. Incamake: Kubaha Ibisobanuro Bikenewe no Kugera ku Muyoboro Utekanye w'Umuyoboro

Guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ya mazutu n'amashanyarazi ya komini ni igikorwa nyacyo "kidashoboka nk'ikilometero kimwe". Ntabwo bigomba gusa kubahiriza amabwiriza akomeye ya tekiniki ahubwo binakurikiza inzira zisanzwe zo gukora, kandi bigaha agaciro gakomeye imikorere ya buri munsi no kubungabunga no kurinda umutekano. Kuva ku gucunga ibisabwa no kugenzura ibipimo mbere yo guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, kugeza ku mikorere isanzwe no kohereza imizigo mu gihe cyo guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, hanyuma kugeza ku gukurikirana no gukata imiyoboro mu buryo nyabwo nyuma yo guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, buri muyoboro ntushobora kwitonda.

Byakagombye gushimangirwa cyane ko abakozi batari abanyamwuga babujijwe cyane gukoresha ibikoresho bihujwe n’urusobe rw’amashanyarazi. Guhuza urusobe rw’amashanyarazi kutemewe no gukora nabi ntibizangiza gusa ibikoresho ahubwo binatera impanuka ku mutekano w’amashanyarazi. Ku bakoresha ingufu zisanzwe, niba guhuza urusobe rw’amashanyarazi igihe kirekire bidakenewe, "ATS" isanzwe ni amahitamo yizewe, ahendutse kandi yujuje ibisabwa.

Ni mu kubahiriza amabwiriza ya tekiniki, gushyira mu bikorwa neza inzira z'imikorere, no gukora akazi keza mu mikorere no kubungabunga buri munsi, dushobora guha agaciro kanini ibyiza byo guhuza amashanyarazi ya mazutu n'amashanyarazi ya komini, tukagera ku musaruro w'amashanyarazi utekanye, uhamye kandi utanga umusaruro kandi uhoraho.