Mu mikorere ihujwe n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi menshiamamashini akoresha mazutu, ishingiro ry’ikwirakwizwa ry’ingufu zikora rifitanye isano itaziguye n’ubudahangarwa bw’ibikoresho, umutekano w’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi n’igihe cy’imikorere y’ibikoresho. Nk’ikigo cyibanda ku mikorere n’isukura ry’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi na serivisi za tekiniki, duhuza ubunararibonye bufatika mu kazi kugira ngo dusesengure neza ibibazo by’ingenzi, amakosa asanzwe n’ibisubizo by’ikwirakwizwa ry’ingufu zikora ku bikoresho bitanga ingufu za mazutu bikoresha amashanyarazi menshi (10.5kV/6.3kV), dutanga ingero zifatika ku bafatanyabikorwa mu nganda.
I. Amahame y'ingenzi: Ahantu h'ingenzi ho gukwirakwiza ingufu zikora
Ugereranyije n'ibice bifite voltage nke, logique y'ingenzi yo gukwirakwiza ingufu zikora ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rihujwe na gridamamashini akoresha mazutuni kimwe, ariko ibisabwa mu guhuza ibipimo no kurinda insulation birakomeye cyane. Amahame yayo y'ingenzi ashobora gukubiye mu ngingo eshatu: AVR Droop ihoraho, igereranya ry'ibishyushya, no guhosha umuyoboro uzenguruka mu mwanya wawo. Iyo aya mahame atatu atubahirijwe, ibibazo nko kudahuza ingufu, umuyoboro uzenguruka cyane, oscillation y'amashanyarazi, ndetse n'ishyuha ry'igikoresho cya AVR cyangwa unit no kugwa bishobora kubaho, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ituze rya sisitemu ihujwe n'umuyoboro.
Mu rwego rw'ihame, ingufu zikora Q zigenwa n'amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gushyushya n'amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gushyushya, kandi zigatuma habaho uburyo bwo kugenzura bufatanye n'imbaraga zikora (zigenzurwa na governor). Iyo igice kimwe kiri gukora, kwiyongera k'amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gushyushya byongera ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya, ibyo bikongera imbaraga zikoreshwa mu gushyushya no kugabanya ingufu; iyo ibice byinshi bihujwe na grid, ingufu za sisitemu ziba zidasanzwe, kandi buri gice kigomba gukwirakwiza ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya hakurikijwe imiterere ya Q-V droop (droop). Ishingiro rya formula ni (aho ari imiterere ya voltage idatwara umutwaro, ni coefficient ya droop, kandi ni imbaraga zikoreshwa mu gushyushya y'igice ubwacyo).
Ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi kugira ngo ikoranabuhanga rikomeze guhuza neza ni ibi bikurikira: ibice byose bigomba gushyirwaho neza (, intera isanzwe 2%–5%), kandi imikorere itaziguye idafite droop cyangwa droop mbi irabujijwe; ibipimo bya droop bya buri gice bigomba kuba bihuye (ubuso bumwe ku bice bifite ubushobozi bumwe, kandi bihuze mu buryo bunyuranye n'ubushobozi ku bice bifite ubushobozi butandukanye); voltage idatwara umutwaro igomba gupimwa buri gihe kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuriro uzenguruka.
II. Ingorane zidasanzwe n'inama z'ibyago byo guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi menshi
Uretse ibibazo bisanzwe by’ibikoresho bifite ingufu nke, ikwirakwizwa ry’ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ya mazutu (10.5kV/6.3kV) rifite ingorane zidasanzwe zikurikira zigomba kwitabwaho:
1. Ibisabwa bikomeye kugira ngo umuntu yihanganire amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi
Urugero rw'ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi akoresha ingufu nyinshi, ibikoresho bya AVR, PT (Potential Transformers), CT (Current Transformers) n'insinga zihuza bigomba guhuza n'ikirere gifite ingufu nyinshi; bitabaye ibyo, ibibazo nko gucika intege, kwangirika kw'ubushyuhe n'imikorere mibi y'ibikoresho bishobora kubaho. Ni ngombwa cyane kumenya ko ingaruka mbi z'imbaraga zikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi azenguruka ku ruhande rufite ingufu nyinshi ari nyinshi cyane kuruta izo ku ruhande rufite ingufu nke. Ubushyuhe bwinshi buzenguruka buzongera ingufu za stator kandi bugatera ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibyo bigatuma habaho amakosa akomeye nko guhagarara hagati y'amashanyarazi no gucika intege.
2. Ubuziranenge bwa PT/CT n'insinga ntibishobora kwirengagizwa
Amakosa mu gipimo cy’impinduka, polarity na phase sequence bya PT na CT bizatuma habaho kugoreka kwa AVR, ibyo bigatuma habaho ikibazo cyo gukurura umwuka, kandi amaherezo bigatera ubusumbane bukomeye mu gukwirakwiza ingufu zikora neza no guhindagurika kwa voltage. Muri icyo gihe, circuit ya kabiri ya CT ku ruhande rufite voltage nyinshi irabujijwe cyane gufungura, bitabaye ibyo izakora volts ibihumbi by’amashanyarazi arenze urugero, ikangiza AVR n’ibikoresho bya circuit.
3. Gutandukana kwa AVR ni akaga gasanzwe kihishe
Kudahuza neza kwa AVR droop coefficient ni yo mpamvu ikunze gutera ikwirakwizwa ry’ingufu zitangana mu guhuza gridi ifite voltage nyinshi: niba itandukaniro rya droop coefficients hagati y’ibice bifite ubushobozi bumwe rirenze 0.5%, ikosa ryo gukwirakwiza ingufu rirenze 10%; niba ibice bifite ubushobozi butandukanye bidashyizeho droop coefficient mu buryo bunyuranyije n’ubushobozi, ibice binini bizaba byuzuyemo imbaraga nke kandi ibice bito bizaba byuzuyemo imbaraga zirenze urugero. Bitewe n’umuvuduko munini w’amashanyarazi menshi, ibibazo by’ubushyuhe bw’amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho biterwa no kudahuza neza kwa droop bizagaragara cyane.
4. Itandukaniro mu buryo bwo gukurura ingufu n'ingaruka zo guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi ya Komini
Iyo gushyushya bidafite uburoso n'ingufu zivanze, gushyushya ibice hamwe n'ingufu zigenzurwa bivanze mu byuma bihujwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bizatuma habaho imiterere idahuye y'inyuma y'ibyuma, bigatera guhindagurika kw'ingufu zihindagurika ndetse no kudahindagurika kw'amashanyarazi; itandukaniro mu kubangamira imizunguruko y'ingufu ziyongera ku mbaraga zidasanzwe z'amashanyarazi nabyo bizatera umuvuduko utaringaniye w'amashanyarazi, ibyo bigatuma habaho ubusumbane mu ngufu ziyongera ku ngufu ziyongera ku ngufu. Byongeye kandi, iyo amashanyarazi ahujwe n'amashanyarazi ya komini (umuyoboro munini w'amashanyarazi, imiterere idahindagurika),seti y'imashini zikoresha mazutuIgomba gushyirwaho igabanuka rya 3%–5%, bitabaye ibyo "izakurwa mu buringanire" n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bigatera ibibazo nko gusubiza inyuma ingufu, AVR saturation no kugwa kw'ibikoresho; kudahuza neza ingufu, frequency na phase mbere yo guhuza amashanyarazi nabyo bizatera ikibazo mu buryo bwo gushyuha, bigatera ubusumbane mu gukwirakwiza ingufu.
III. Ikosa risanzwe n'amabwiriza yo gukemura ibibazo byihuse
Mu mikorere y’aho hantu, ibintu bikurikira bishobora gukoreshwa mu kubona vuba ibibazo by’ikwirakwizwa ry’amashanyarazi no kunoza imikorere myiza yo gukemura ibibazo:
- Ikintu cya 1: Igice kimwe gifite imbaraga nini zituma habaho impinduka n'imbaraga nke (urugero: 0.7), mu gihe ikindi gifite imbaraga nto zituma habaho impinduka n'imbaraga nyinshi (urugero: 0.95) — Impamvu nyamukuru: Kugabanuka kwa AVR kutumvikana hamwe n'imiterere y'amashanyarazi idahindagurika.
- Ikintu cya 2: Kuzunguruka kw'amashanyarazi mu buryo bw'igihe n'ihindagurika ry'ingufu zisubira inyuma n'inyuma nyuma yo guhuza grid — Impamvu nyamukuru: Igipimo cyo gutakaza amashanyarazi hafi ya zeru (nta gutakaza amashanyarazi), gutakaza amashanyarazi mu buryo butari bwo, cyangwa sisitemu yo gushyushya idahindagurika.
- Ikintu cya 3: Gutemba kenshi kw'ama-switch afite voltage nyinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa stator, n'ingufu zo gushyuha cyane za AVR — Impamvu nyamukuru: Ingufu nyinshi zituma habaho amashanyarazi azenguruka, imbaraga nyinshi zituma habaho amashanyarazi menshi, cyangwa PT/CT failure.
- Ikintu cya 4: Nyuma yo guhuza amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi ya komini, ingufu zikoreshwa mu imashini ikora mazutu ziba mbi (zifata ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi) kandi ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ni zo ziyobora — Impamvu nyamukuru: Imiterere y'amashanyarazi mu imashini ikora mazutu iba iri hasi ugereranyije n'iy'amashanyarazi, ingano y'amashanyarazi iba nto cyane, cyangwa ubwiyongere bw'amashanyarazi ntibuhagije.
IV. Ibisubizo by'ingirakamaro ku rubuga
Tugamije ikibazo cyo gukwirakwiza ingufu zikoreshwa mu mikorere y’amashanyarazi ku mashanyarazi akoresha ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa mu miyoboro y’amashanyarazi, hamwe n’uburambe bufatika mu kazi, dushobora guhera ku bintu bitatu: gupima ubushobozi bwo guhuza ingufu mbere y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, gutunganya neza umurongo w’amashanyarazi nyuma y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, no gucunga ingufu zikoreshwa mu mikorere y’amashanyarazi kugira ngo dushyireho ingufu zikoreshwa mu mikorere ihamye kandi dukore neza.
1. Guhuza mbere y'urukuta: Gupima ibipimo by'imikorere
Gupima ibipimo mbere yo guhuza grid ni ishingiro ryo kwirinda ibibazo byo gukwirakwiza ingufu. Ingingo eshatu z'ingenzi zigomba kwibandwaho: icya mbere, gushyiraho AVR droop. Igipimo cya droop cy'ibice bifite ubushobozi bumwe kigenzurwa kuri 2%–5% (ibisanzwe 4%), kandi ibice byose birahuye rwose; ku bice bifite ubushobozi butandukanye, igipimo cya droop gishyirwaho mu buryo bunyuranyije n'ubushobozi (). Urugero, igice cya 1000kVA gishyirwa kuri 4%, naho igice cya 500kVA gishyirwa kuri 8%. Icya kabiri, gupima voltage idatwara imizigo. Voltage ya kabiri ya PT ku ruhande rufite voltage nyinshi irahujwe (urugero, 100V), kandi ihindagurika rya voltage idatwara imizigo ya AVR rigenzurwa muri ± 0.5%. Icya gatatu, igenzura rya PT/CT. Reba niba ikigereranyo cyo guhindura, polarity na phase sequence ari byo, urebe neza ko circuit ya kabiri ihagaze neza, kandi ubuze burundu gufungura circuit ya kabiri ya CT.
2. Guhuza nyuma ya grid: Gutunganya neza neza ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu zikora neza
Nyuma yo guhuza grid, ihame ryo "gushyira imbaraga zihamye mbere na mbere, hanyuma ugahindura imbaraga zikora" rigomba gukurikizwa kugira ngo hongerwe buhoro buhoro ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu zikora: mbere na mbere, kureba icyuma gipima ingufu kigira ingaruka, icyuma gipima ingufu n'amakuru ya volteji ya buri gice; niba igice gifite imbaraga nyinshi zikora (imbaraga nke), gushyuha kw'igice gishobora kugabanuka (agaciro ka AVR gake); niba imbaraga zikora ari nke (imbaraga nyinshi), gushyuha kw'igice gishobora kwiyongera. Intego nyamukuru ni ugukora ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu zikora hakurikijwe ubushobozi, ikosa ryo gukwirakwiza rigenzurwa muri ± 10% (bijyanye n'ibipimo bya GB/T 2820), ihindagurika rya voltage ≤ ± 5%, na power factor biguma kuri 0.8–0.9. Niba ibintu bibyemereye, imikorere ya AVR automatic load distribution (equalizing line/circulating current compensation) irashobora gufungurwa. Ku bice bifite voltage nyinshi, imirongo ipima DC (y'icyitegererezo kimwe) cyangwa reactive power droop control ni byo byiza kugira ngo kunoze uburyo bwo guhindura.
3. Imiyoborere yihariye y'amashanyarazi menshi: Gushimangira uburinzi n'ubushyuhe
Dukurikije imiterere y’ibikoresho bifite ingufu nyinshi, hakenewe ingamba z’inyongera zo gukumira no kongera ingufu zirinda umuriro: gushyiraho igikoresho cyo kugenzura no kurinda umuriro uzenguruka ku ruhande rufite ingufu nyinshi, kizahita kigabanya cyangwa kigwa iyo umuriro uzenguruka urenze urugero (urenze 5% by’umuriro ugenwe) kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw’ibikoresho; imiyoboro ifite ingufu nyinshi, ibikoresho bya AVR n’insinga zihuza bifata urwego rwa F cyangwa hejuru y’aho bihurira, kandi bihangana n’ibizamini by’amashanyarazi bikorwa buri gihe kugira ngo harebwe ku gihe ingaruka zihishe zo gukingira; seti za moteri zikoresha ingufu nyinshi za mazutu aho hantu zigomba kugerageza gukoresha uburyo bumwe bwo gushyushya n’icyitegererezo cya AVR kugira ngo hirindwe imiterere idasanzwe iterwa no kuvanga.
V. Imbibi zisanzwe n'ibitekerezo by'ibigo
Dukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho bya GB/T 2820 ku rwego rw'igihugu, ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza ingufu za mazutu zikoresha amashanyarazi menshi rigomba kuba ryujuje ibi bikurikira: ikosa ryo gukwirakwiza ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza ingufu, ≤±10% ku bipimo bifite ubushobozi bumwe, ≤±10% ku bipimo binini na ≤±20% ku bipimo bito bifite ubushobozi butandukanye; igipimo cyo kugenzura amashanyarazi (droop) kigenzurwa kuri 2%–5% (droop nziza), kandi imikorere itaziguye nta droop cyangwa negative droop irabujijwe; amashanyarazi azenguruka ≤5% by'amashanyarazi afite agaciro, agomba kugenzurwa cyane ku bipimo bifite ingufu nyinshi.
Tubishyize hamwe n'uburambe bw'imyaka myinshi mu nganda, turasaba ko ibigo byubahiriza amahame ya "gupima imikoranire mbere y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, gukurikirana imikoranire nyuma y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi no kubungabunga buri gihe" iyo ibyuma bitanga amashanyarazi bya mazutu bifite ingufu nyinshi biri mu mikorere ya grid: kwibanda ku gupima ingano y'amashanyarazi agabanuka, amashanyarazi adatwara imizigo na PT / CT mbere yo guhuza grid; gukurikirana amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo, ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi azenguruka n'ibikoresho nyuma yo guhuza grid; kumenya no kubungabunga uburyo bwo gushyushya no gukingira imikorere kugira ngo hirindwe amakosa ajyanye no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi aturuka aho aturuka no kwemeza imikorere ihamye y'icyuma n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
Niba uhuye n'ibibazo byihariye mu ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi akoresha ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga rya grid, ushobora kuvugana n'ikipe yacu ya tekiniki, maze tukaguha ubuyobozi n'ibisubizo ku muntu ku giti cye aho ukorera.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 28 Mata 2026
