Ingufu zikoresha gazi karemano: Ibyiza, ibibi n'incamake

1. Itsinda ry'ibikoresho bitanga gazi karemano ni iki?

Imashini ikora gazi karemano ni igikoresho gitanga ingufu z’imbere mu gikoresho gitwika gifite ihame ry’imikorere nk’iy’imashini zikora lisansi, gitandukanye cyane cyane mu bwoko bwa lisansi. Ikoresha gazi zitwika zirimo gaze karemano, LNG (gaze karemano ishongeshejwe) na biogas. Gutwika gaze bisunika pistons kugira ngo ingufu z’ubushyuhe zihindurwemo ingufu za mekanike, hanyuma amaherezo bihindurwemo ingufu z’amashanyarazi.

Ibintu by'ingenzi cyane muri bene izi moteri niubushobozi bwo gukora buri gihe, gutanga amashanyarazi ahujwe n'urukuta rw'amashanyarazi no kugarura ubushyuhe bw'imyandaBishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze byo gutanga amashanyarazi ndetse n'ibikoresho by'ingufu zidasanzwe, bigakora nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gukoresha ingufu zikwirakwizwa.

2. Ibyiza by'ingenzi by'imashini zitanga gazi karemano: Ni byiza cyane mu gukenera ingufu zikomoka ku bidukikije mu mijyi

2.1 Imyuka ihumanya ikirere iri hasi cyane kandi ikaba ibungabunga ibidukikije

Imikorere y’ibidukikije ni yo mbaraga zidasanzwe z’imashini zitanga gaze karemano. Iganjemo methane, gaze karemano irashya neza kandi isukuye, nta kintu na kimwe cyangiza cyangwa sulfide kandi ikavanaho burundu umwotsi w’umukara n’imyuka ihumanya ijyana na mashini zitanga mazutu. Imyuka yayo ya azote oxyde iri hasi cyane ugereranyije n’iy’ibikoresho bisanzwe bitanga lisansi. Iyo ihinduye azote nke, ishobora kubahiriza neza amahame agenga ibidukikije mu turere tw’imijyi, mu midugudu ituwe, mu bitaro, ahantu nyaburanga no mu bigo by’amakuru, bigatuma iba amahitamo meza ku bigo by’amashanyarazi bitanga amashanyarazi mu mijyi.

2.2 Gukoresha ingufu nyinshi no kuzigama ingufu cyane

Nubwo imikorere yayo yihariye yo gutanga amashanyarazi ari mu rugero ruciriritse, imashini zitanga gazi karemano zifite umwiharikoinyungu y'ubushyuhe n'imbaraga bivanze (CHP)Ubushyuhe bw'imyanda buva mu gikapu cy'amazi n'imyuka ikoreshwa mu gihe cyo gutanga amashanyarazi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu gushyushya, gutanga amazi ashyushye mu ngo no gukora umwuka w'umwuka mu nganda. Imashini zisanzwe zitanga amashanyarazi zihindura gusa 35% by'ingufu mo amashanyarazi, mu gihe gazi karemano CHP ikoresha ingufu kuva kuri 80% kugeza kuri 90%, bigabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry'ingufu muri rusange kandi bigatanga inyungu zitangaje mu kuzigama ingufu mu gihe kirekire.

2.3 Imikorere myiza kandi idakoresha urusaku rwinshi

Ku bijyanye n'umutekano, gazi karemano iba ntoya cyane ugereranyije n'umwuka kandi ikwirakwira mu kirere vuba iyo habayeho gusohoka, nta bisigazwa by'amazi byanduza ubutaka n'amazi yo munsi y'ubutaka nka mazutu cyangwa lisansi, bigatuma ibidukikije birushaho kugira umutekano. Byongeye kandi, ibyuma bitanga gazi karemano bikora neza cyane kurusha ibyuma bitanga gazi karemano, bidasaba kuvugurura urusaku mu buryo bugoye kugira ngo byuzuze amahame agenga urusaku ku nganda n'ahantu ho gutura.

Byongeye kandi, zifite ubushobozi bwo guhagarara vuba kandi zigatanga umusaruro vuba. Zishobora gukora amasaha 24 mu buryo buhoraho, kandi zikoreshwa mu kugenzura umutwaro mwinshi no gutanga amashanyarazi mu gihe cyihutirwa kandi zigashobora guhinduka neza.

2.4 Imirimo yo kubungabunga ikiri mike kandi irambye

Ugereranyije n’imashini zitanga mazutu, gazi karemano zikuraho ibice by’amavuta bitanga ingufu nyinshi nka pompe z’amavuta n’imashini zikoresha lisansi, bigabanya cyane imirimo yo kubungabunga sisitemu y’amavuta no kongera igihe cyo gusimbuza amavuta no kubungabunga ibikoresho. Igihe cyose cyo gukora igishushanyo mbonera kigera ku masaha 60.000 kugeza ku 100.000 hamwe n’igihe kirekire cyo kuvugurura. Zifite urwego rwo hejuru rwo gukora ikoranabuhanga, zishyigikira kugenzura kure, guhagarara mu buryo bwikora no guhindura amashanyarazi, bigatuma habaho uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora no kubungabunga buri munsi.

2.5 Politiki nziza n'ibiciro bihoraho by'imikorere

Nk’isoko ry’ingufu zisukuye, gaze karemano ifite politiki zishyigikira mu gihugu hose mu mishinga ikwirakwiza ingufu z’amashanyarazi n’imishinga ya CHP, harimo ibiciro by’ingenzi bya gaze, inkunga yo gutanga ingufu z’amashanyarazi no kugabanya imisoro. Hagati aho, ibiciro bya gaze karemano biracyari bihamye mu gihe kirekire ugereranije n’ibiciro bya peteroli bihindagurika, bityo birinda ihindagurika ry’ibiciro by’imikorere riterwa n’impinduka z’ibiciro bya lisansi.

3. Imbogamizi zikomoka ku mashini zitanga gazi karemano: Ntizikwiriye ibintu byose

3.1 Ikiguzi kinini cy'ishoramari ry'ibanze

Amamashini atunganya gazi karemano afite igiciro kinini cyo kugura ugereranyije n’amamashini atunganya mazutu afite ingufu zingana. Byongeye kandi, akeneye ibikoresho bimufasha nko gucunga no kuyungurura umuvuduko wa gazi, imiyoboro idaturika, inzogera zisohora gazi n’uburyo bwo guhumeka bukoreshwa ku ngufu. Ishoramari ry’ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi n’iby’inyongera rituma ingengo y’imari y’imishinga irushaho kuba nziza.

3.2 Gushingira cyane ku itangwa rya gazi ihamye hamwe n'imbogamizi ku miterere y'ibintu

Imashini zitanga gazi karemano ntizishobora gukora ku giti cyazo nta gazi zitangwa. Uturere tw’imijyi dufite imiyoboro ya gazi karemano yo mu mujyi dufite gazi ihamye kandi yoroshye kuyitanga, mu gihe ahantu hubatswe kure n’ahantu hatagerwa imiyoboro hishingikirije ku bigega byo kubikamo LNG, bifata umwanya munini kandi bigatwara amafaranga y’inyongera yo gutwara lisansi no kuyishyiramo. Byongeye kandi, ihindagurika ry’umuvuduko wa gazi n’ubuziranenge bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku ngufu zisohoka, kandi umwanda mwinshi ushobora gutuma ibikoresho bifunga kandi bikabangamira imikorere. Guhagarara kw’itangwa rya gazi bizatuma ibikoresho bifungwa ako kanya, bigatuma habaho icyizere gito cyihutirwa kurusha imashini zitanga gazi karemano zifite lisansi ibikwa mu bubiko.

3.3 Ingufu nke zo gukora amashanyarazi ugereranije n'imashini zitanga lisansi

Mu bihe birimo gusa gutanga amashanyarazi nta gukoresha ubushyuhe bw'imyanda, ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi bw'ibikoresho bya gaze karemano buri hagati ya 35% na 42%, buri munsi gato y'ubushobozi bwa 40%–46% bw'ibikoresho bya mazutu. Ibi bivuze ko ibikoresho bya gaze karemano nta nyungu z'ubukungu bitanga mu bihe byihutirwa bidasaba ubushyuhe. Agaciro kabyo k'ingenzi gashobora kugerwaho gusa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kugarura ubushyuhe bw'imyanda buhuye.

3.4 Ibisobanuro by'ubwubatsi n'umutekano mu buryo buhamye

Bitewe n’uko gaze karemano ishobora gushya no guturika, amahame y’ubwubatsi bw’ibyumba bitanga gaze karemano arakomeye cyane kurusha ibyumba bisanzwe bitanga gaze mazutu. Ahantu hagomba kuba hari ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bidaturika, ibikoresho byo guhumeka ku ngufu, ahantu ho guturika ndetse n’uburyo bwo gutahura no gusohora imyuka. Amabwiriza yo hejuru yo kubaka no kuvugurura imitungo asaba igenamigambi rikomeye ry’aho hantu no kugenzura umutekano wa buri munsi w’imiyoboro ya gaze n’ibikoresho byo gutanga amakuru kugira ngo hakurweho ibyago bishobora kubaho.

3.5 Kudahuza neza n'imikorere y'ubushyuhe buke n'umutwaro muke

Mu gihe cy'ubukonje bukabije bw'imbeho, kugabanuka k'ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza gaze hamwe n'ikigereranyo cy'imvange kidahuje bizongera ingorane zo gutangira ubukonje, bigasaba ibikoresho by'inyongera byo gushyushya gaze n'ibikoresho byo gushyushya ibyuma mu majyaruguru y'ubushyuhe buke. Byongeye kandi, gukora igihe kirekire munsi ya 30% by'umutwaro bizatera gushya kutuzuye no gushyira karuboni mu kirere, bikihutisha kwangirika kw'ibice by'ingenzi bishobora kwangirika nk'udukingirizo tw'ingufu n'ibyuma by'umuriro, amafaranga yo gusimbuza akaba menshi.

4. Ibintu Bikwiriye Guhitamo Ibikoresho

Nk'uko bigaragazwa n'ibyiza n'ibibi byavuzwe haruguru, imashini zitanga gazi karemano nibishingiye cyane ku miterere y'ibintukandi ntabwo ari igisubizo kimwe gikwiranye na bose.

Bikwiriye cyane mu bihe birimoimiyoboro ihamye yo gutanga gaze, gushyushya no gukoresha amazi ashyushye, ibisabwa bikomeye ku bidukikije no gukomeza gukora igihe kirekire, nk'imishinga ya CHP ikwirakwizwa mu mapaki y'inganda zo mu mijyi, mu bitaro, mu mahoteli, mu nyubako z'ubucuruzi no mu nganda.

Mu buryo bunyuranye, moteri zitanga mazutu zitanga umusaruro mwiza kandi zikora neza muahantu kure hatagira imiyoboro ya gazi, ahantu hategerejwe mu gihe gito, ahantu hadasaba ubushyuhe bwinshi, no gukora akazi gahoraho mu gihe cy'ubukonje bukabije n'igihe gito..

5. Umwanzuro

Nk'igikoresho cyo kubyaza amashanyarazi cyiza cyane mu gihe cy'ingufu zisukuye, moteri za gaze karemano zirangwa no kubungabunga ibidukikije, gukoresha ingufu neza, gukora neza no kubungabunga byoroshye, bihuye neza n'igikenewe mu iterambere ry'imijyi ridafite karuboni nyinshi. Ariko, zifite n'intege nke zirimo ishoramari rinini rya mbere, gukoresha gaze ku buryo itangwa ryazo ritagenda neza, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubushyuhe buke.

Muri make,imashini zitanga gazi karemano zikundwa cyane mu mijyi ifite gazi iboneka ku buryo bworoshye, ikenera ubushyuhe kandi ikora igihe kirekire; imashini zitanga mazutu zikwiriye cyane mu mijyi idafite gazi, ikoreshwa igihe gito kandi ikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe.Guhitamo ibikoresho hashingiwe ku buryo bikoreshwa, imiterere y'aho bikorerwa n'ibyo bikenewe mu mikorere bishobora kongera agaciro k'ibikoresho no kuringaniza uburyo bizigama ingufu n'imikorere y'ikiguzi.