Uburyo bwo guhitamo umutwaro w'ikinyoma ku ishashi ya moteri ya mazutu ikoresha ikoranabuhanga

Guhitamo umutwaro w'ibinyoma ku imashini ikora mazutu mu kigo cy'amakuru ni ingenzi cyane, kuko bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku buryo sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ikora. Hasi aha, ndatanga ubuyobozi bwuzuye bukubiyemo amahame shingiro, ibipimo by'ingenzi, ubwoko bw'umutwaro, intambwe zo guhitamo, n'uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha.

1. Amahame y'ingenzi yo guhitamo

Intego y'ibanze y'umutwaro w'ikinyoma ni ukwigana umutwaro nyakuri kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza kandi hemezwe neza imashini ikora mazutu, kugira ngo ishobore guhita itwara umutwaro wose w'ingenzi mu gihe umuriro w'amashanyarazi wabuze. Intego zihariye zirimo:

1. Gutwika ububiko bwa Karuboni: Gukora ku mutwaro muke cyangwa nta mutwaro bitera "guteranya lisansi" muri moteri za mazutu (lisansi idatwitswe na karuboni byirundanya mu buryo bw'imyotsi isohora umwuka). Umutwaro w'ikinyoma ushobora kuzamura ubushyuhe bwa moteri n'umuvuduko wayo, ugatwika neza ubwo bubiko.
2. Kugenzura Imikorere: Gusuzuma niba imikorere y'amashanyarazi y'imashini itanga umuriro—nk'amashanyarazi asohoka, guhagarara kw'umuvuduko, guhindagurika kw'imiterere y'amashanyarazi (THD), n'amabwiriza y'amashanyarazi—iri mu ntera zemewe.
3. Isuzuma ry'ubushobozi bwo gutwara: Kwemeza ko icyuma gitanga umuriro gishobora gukora neza ku ngufu zigenwe no gusuzuma ubushobozi bwacyo bwo guhangana n'ikoreshwa ry'umutwaro mu buryo butunguranye no kwangwa.
4. Isuzuma ryo guhuza sisitemu: Gukora imikoranire ihuriweho na ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch), sisitemu zihuza, na sisitemu zo kugenzura kugira ngo sisitemu yose ikorane neza.

2. Ibipimo by'ingenzi n'ibyo tugomba kwitaho

Mbere yo guhitamo umutwaro w'ikinyoma, ibi bikurikira bigomba gusobanurwa neza ku gikoresho gitanga umusaruro n'ibipimo by'ibisabwa mu igeragezwa:

1. Ingufu Zipimirwa (kW/kVA): Ubushobozi bwose bw'ingufu z'umutwaro w'ikinyoma bugomba kuba burenga cyangwa bungana n'imbaraga zose z'ingufu z'imashini itanga amashanyarazi. Ubusanzwe ni byiza guhitamo 110%-125% by'ingufu z'imashini kugira ngo habeho igeragezwa ry'ubushobozi bwo gupima ibintu byinshi.
2. Voltage n'icyiciro: Igomba kuba ihuye n'voltage y'umusaruro wa generator (urugero, 400V/230V) n'icyiciro (insinga enye z'icyiciro cya gatatu).
3. Inshuro (Hz): 50Hz cyangwa 60Hz.
4. Uburyo bwo guhuza: Izahuzwa ite n'umusaruro wa generator? Akenshi iri munsi ya ATS cyangwa ikoresheje akabati kabigenewe ko gusuzuma.
5. Uburyo bwo gukonjesha:
   • Gukonjesha Umwanya: Bikwiriye ingufu nke kugeza ku ziciriritse (ubusanzwe biri munsi ya 1000kW), igiciro gito, ariko kikaba ari urusaku, kandi umwuka ushyushye ugomba kuba uva mu cyumba cy'ibikoresho.
   • Gukonjesha Amazi: Bikwiriye gukoreshwa mu bushyuhe buringaniye kugeza kuri buri hejuru, gutuza no gukonjesha neza, ariko bisaba uburyo bwo gukonjesha bufasha (umunara wo gukonjesha cyangwa icyuma gikonjesha cyumye), bigatuma habaho ishoramari ryinshi ry’ibanze.
6. Urwego rw'Igenzura n'Ikoranabuhanga:
   • Igenzura ry'ibanze: Gupakurura/gupakurura intambwe n'intoki.
   • Igenzura ry’ubwenge: Imirongo yo gushyiramo ibikoresho ikoresheje porogaramu (gushyiramo ibikoresho ku murongo, gushyiramo ibikoresho ku ntambwe), gukurikirana no kwandika ibipimo mu buryo nyabwo nka voltage, amashanyarazi, ingufu, frequency, umuvuduko w’amavuta, ubushyuhe bw’amazi, no gukora raporo z’ibizamini. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ikigo cy’amakuru kibe cyujuje ibisabwa kandi gikoreshwe mu kugenzura.

3. Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'imizigo y'ibinyoma

1. Umutwaro wo kugabanya imbaraga (Umutwaro uhoraho gusa P)

• Ihame: Ihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mo ubushyuhe, zigakurwaho n'abafana cyangwa amazi agakonjesha.
• Ibyiza: Imiterere yoroshye, ihendutse, igenzura ryoroshye, itanga imbaraga zikora neza.
• Ingaruka mbi: Ishobora gupima ingufu zikora gusa (kW), ntishobora gupima ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ingufu zikora (kvar) za moteri.
• Uburyo bwo Gukoresha: Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gupima igice cya moteri (ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe, umuvuduko), ariko ikizamini nticyuzuye.

2. Umutwaro w'ingufu (Umutwaro w'ingufu gusa Q)

• Ihame: Ikoresha inductors kugira ngo ikoreshe imbaraga zikora.
• Ibyiza: Ishobora gutanga umutwaro usubiza ibintu inyuma.
• Ingaruka mbi: Ntabwo ikoreshwa yonyine, ahubwo ikoreshwa hamwe n'imitwaro irinda.

3. Umutwaro uhuriweho wo kurwanya/gusubiza (Umutwaro wa R+L, utanga P na Q)

• Ihame: Ihuza amabanki arwanya umuyaga n'amabanki arwanya umuyaga, bigatuma habaho kugenzura byigenga cyangwa bihuriweho umutwaro ukora n'ushobora kuwukora.
• Ibyiza: Igisubizo gikunzwe cyane ku bigo by'amakuru. Gishobora kwigana imizigo ivanze, kikagerageza byimazeyo imikorere rusange y'imashini ikora moteri, harimo na AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) na sisitemu ya governor.
• Ingaruka mbi: Ihenze cyane ugereranyije n'imitwaro irinda gutwarwa n'ingufu.
• Icyitonderwa cyo guhitamo: Witondere urwego rwayo rwa Power Factor (PF) rushobora guhinduka, akenshi rukenera guhinduka kuva kuri 0.8 (inductive) kugeza kuri 1.0 kugira ngo rwigane imiterere itandukanye y'umutwaro.

4. Umutwaro w'ikoranabuhanga

• Ihame: Ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'amashanyarazi kugira ngo ikoreshe ingufu cyangwa igarure ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
• Ibyiza: Ubuhanga bwo hejuru, kugenzura neza, ubushobozi bwo kongera ingufu (kuzigama ingufu).
• Ingaruka mbi: Irahenze cyane, isaba abakozi bashoboye cyane mu kubungabunga, kandi uburyo bwo kuyirinda bukwiye kwitabwaho.
• Ishusho y'ikoreshwa: Ikwiriye cyane muri laboratwari cyangwa inganda zikora kurusha isuzuma ry'isuku mu bigo by'amakuru.

Umwanzuro: Ku bigo bitanga amakuru, hagomba gutoranywa «Combined Resistive/Reactive (R+L) False Load» ifite uburyo bwo kugenzura bwikora bw’ubwenge.

4. Incamake y'Intambwe zo Guhitamo

1. Menya Ibisabwa mu Isuzuma: Ese ni isuzuma ryo gutwika gusa, cyangwa ni icyemezo cy'imikorere yuzuye y'umutwaro gikenewe? Ese raporo z'isuzuma ryikora ni ngombwa?
2. Kusanya Ibipimo bya Generator: Andika imbaraga zose, voltage, frequency, n'aho ibyuma byose bikorera.
3. Hitamo ubwoko bw'umutwaro w'ikinyoma: Hitamo umutwaro w'ikinyoma wa R+L, ufite ubwenge, ukonjeshejwe n'amazi (keretse niba ingufu ari nke cyane kandi ingengo y'imari ari nke).
4. Kubara ubushobozi bw'ingufu: Ubushobozi bwose bw'umutwaro w'ibinyoma = Ingufu nini y'itsinda rimwe × 1.1 (cyangwa 1.25). Niba ugerageza sisitemu ikora ku buryo bungana, ubushobozi bugomba kuba ≥ imbaraga zose zikora ku buryo bungana.
5. Hitamo Uburyo bwo Gukonjesha:
   • Ingufu nyinshi (>800kW), umwanya muto w'icyumba cy'ibikoresho, uburyo bwo kumva urusaku: Hitamo gukonjesha amazi.
   • Ingufu nke, ingengo y'imari nto, umwanya uhagije wo guhumeka: Gukonjesha umwuka bishobora kwitabwaho.
6. Isuzuma ry'Ubugenzuzi:
   • Igomba gushyigikira uburyo bwo gushyiramo imbaraga mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo yigane uburyo bwo gushyiramo imbaraga mu buryo nyabwo.
   • Ugomba kuba ushoboye kwandika no gutanga raporo zisanzwe z'ibizamini, harimo n'imirongo y'ibipimo by'ingenzi byose.
   • Ese iyi interface ishyigikira guhuza na sisitemu zo gucunga inyubako cyangwa gucunga ibikorwa remezo by’ikigo cy’amakuru (DCIM)?
7. Tekereza ku ishyirwaho rya telefoni zigendanwa ugereranije n’iryahinduwe:
   • Gushyiraho neza: Bishyizwe mu cyumba cyabugenewe cyangwa mu gikoresho, nk'igice cy'ibikorwa remezo. Insinga zihamye, isuzuma ryoroshye, isura nziza. Ni amahitamo meza ku bigo binini by'amakuru.
   • Ifite akamashini gakoresha terefone igendanwa: Ifite akamashini gakoresha terefone, ishobora gukorera ahantu henshi hatandukanye hatanga amakuru cyangwa ahantu henshi. Igiciro cya mbere ni gito, ariko kuyikoresha biragoye, kandi umwanya wo kubika no guhuza birakenewe.

5. Imikorere myiza n'inama

• Gahunda y'Imiyoboro yo Gupima: Gutegura mbere y'igihe utubati two gupima umutwaro w'ibinyoma muri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza ingufu kugira ngo imiyoboro yo gupima irusheho kuba myiza, yoroshye kandi isanzwe.
• Uburyo bwo Gukonjesha: Iyo amazi akonjeshejwe, menya neza ko sisitemu y'amazi akonjesha yizewe; iyo akonjeshejwe n'umwuka, ugomba gushyiraho imiyoboro ikwiye yo gusohora umwuka kugira ngo wirinde ko umwuka ushyushye usubira mu cyumba cy'ibikoresho cyangwa ngo ugire ingaruka ku bidukikije.
• Umutekano Mbere na mbere: Imitwaro y'ibinyoma itera ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane. Igomba kuba ifite ingamba zo kwirinda nko kurinda ubushyuhe burenze urugero n'utubuto two guhagarara mu gihe cy'impanuka. Abakoresha bakeneye amahugurwa y'umwuga.
• Isuzuma risanzwe: Dukurikije Uptime Institute, amahame ngenderwaho, cyangwa inama z'abakora, akenshi akora buri kwezi nta kiguzi kiri munsi ya 30% by'umutwaro, kandi akora isuzuma ryuzuye ry'umutwaro buri mwaka. Umutwaro w'ibinyoma ni igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo kuzuza iki gisabwa.

Icyifuzo cya nyuma:
Ku bigo by’amakuru bishakisha ahantu henshi haboneka amakuru, ikiguzi ntikigomba kuzigamirwa ku mutwaro w’ibinyoma. Gushora imari muri sisitemu y’ibikoresho by’ibinyoma ihoraho, ifite ingano ihagije, R+L, ikoresheje ubwenge, ikonjeshwa n’amazi ni ishoramari rikenewe kugira ngo sisitemu y’amashanyarazi y’ingenzi ikomeze kuba iy’ukuri. Ifasha kumenya ibibazo, gukumira gutsindwa, kandi ikubahiriza ibisabwa mu mikorere, kubungabunga no kugenzura binyuze muri raporo z’ibizamini byuzuye.